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  • Londoners sit and stand in a packed carriage on an overground rail service, stopped at a central London station. The windows are filthy with railway and city grime and the faces on passengers tell the story of a miserable experience travelling at rush-hour in the capital. The 90s carriage was an old style phased out in the late 90s, their construction proving unsafe and out-of-date with a modern transport infrastructure.
    train_misery01-19-03-1992_1_1.jpg
  • Brokers working at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) on the trading floor in the 90s. Otherwise known as the Pit where Derivatives, Options, Futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders1-23-04-1993.jpg
  • In front of an ad for Mercury, the 90s mobile phone network provider, a city worker uses his mobile phone in a London street.  Actor Harry Enfield was the face of the media campaign on tv and in print to help promote the young industry, still then an expensive accessory for the ordinary Briton. Mercury Communications, was a national telephone company in the United Kingdom, formed in 1981 as a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless to challenge the monopoly of British Telecom (BT). Mercury was the first competitor to BT, and although it proved only moderately successful at challenging their dominance, it was to set the path for new communication companies to attempt the same. In 1997, Mercury ceased to exist as a brand with its amalgamation into the operations of Cable & Wireless Communications and totally exited from the telecommunications business by 1999.
    mercury_phone-15-07-1993.jpg
  • A 90s departures board displays the times and destinations of rail services heading south from this London station hub. Routes to the south coasts towns of Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings departing in the afternoon from the capital. The Train Not Ready signs are also displayed telling passengers that carriages have yet to be designated and their platforms unallocated.
    railway_departures01-18-06-1992.jpg
  • A city worker crouches on the pavement and opens his attache briefcase to check details written inside during his phone call conversation.  He is in the City of London, the capital's financial heart and makes his call using a 90s mobile (cell) phone in afternoon sunlight near a menswear shop on a street corner.
    phone_call-15-07-1993.jpg
  • During the morning rush-hour at Bank underground station in the heart of London's financial district, the grim face of 90s tube travel is seen here in a wide landscape of rounded tunnel and the curve of the station platform. Weary Londoners sit waiting for the doors to close and the hot air to seal them inside the small space, men and women press against each other in a claustrophobic journey along the Central Line. The Central line is a London Underground line, coloured red on the tube map. It is a deep-level "tube" line, running east-west across London, and, at 76 km (47 mi). Incorporated in 1891 it is today the longest Underground line and also the busiest with around 260 million passengers a year.
    underground_commuters02-09-03-1992_1...jpg
  • With great care, two surgeons work intensely during an open heart procedure at the private Health Care International hospital, They wear hygienic face masks and do their intricate work carefully. This hospital delivered only high-end medicine to foreign patients and telemedicine was popular in the 90s when a growing awareness of the potential benefits of advanced medicine, emerging democracies, growing middle classes and an ageing population world-wide established locations like this in Scotland. But they were expensive to build and run and this hospital at Clydebank of up to 500 beds catered primarily for foreigners who flew into Glasgow airport, was built with the assistance of £30 million of public money, went into receivership when its target of overseas business was slower to build-up impacting its cash flows.
    nhs_hospital06-20-05-1994.jpg
  • Two futures traders from the nearby LLIFE exchange shop for expensive Rolex watches during their lunchtimes in the City of London. Wearing the colourful jackets synonymous with the aggressive trading on the Futures market floor, two young men both admire the Rolex and Omega watches on display in this shop in the heart of the capital’s financial district. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist moneymaking ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    llife_shopping01-25-06-1993.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders48-20-06-1995.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders45-25-09-2012.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders40-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders33-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders29-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders23-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders21-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders07-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders02-20-06-1995.jpg
  • A trader from the LIFFE futures exchange takes a break in the street during a weekday lunchtime. Alongside him on another bench is a homeless man in the City of London in a scene of wealth with prosperity versus the fate of poverty and loss. Wearing the orange jacket of this once thriving financial instutution, we see a scene of wealth and prosperity, from an era of growth during the industrial revolution to the arrogance and self-indulgence during the government of John Major - a political inheritance from Margaret Thatcher. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    city_trader-16-03-1993_2_1.jpg
  • A currency banker with the British Union Jack above his desk, rubs tired eyes while working in front of 90s computers in the currency trading floor of National Westminster Bank PLC in the City of London, the capitals financial centre, on 20th May 1992, in London, England. Screens glow with the most up to date trading figures and news items allowing traders to react instantly on the money markets.
    city04-22-06-1993.jpg
  • As a departing train disappears round the corner at Bank underground station in the heart of London's financial district, a lone woman waits for the next service. This is the grim face of 90s tube travel is seen here in a wide landscape of rounded tunnel and the curve of the station platform on the Central Line. The Central line is a London Underground line, coloured red on the tube map. It is a deep-level "tube" line, running east-west across London, and, at 76 km (47 mi). Incorporated in 1891 it is today the longest Underground line and also the busiest with around 260 million passengers a year.
    underground_station03-19-02-1993_1_1.jpg
  • During the morning rush-hour at Bank underground station in the heart of London's financial district, the grim face of 90s tube travel is seen here in a wide landscape of rounded tunnel and the curve of the station platform. A train guard watches for a green signal as Londoners are sandwiched inside the nearest carriage. Waiting for the doors to close and the hot air to seal them inside the small space, men and women press against each other in a claustrophobic journey along the Central Line. The Central line is a London Underground line, coloured red on the tube map. It is a deep-level "tube" line, running east-west across London, and, at 76 km (47 mi). Incorporated in 1891 it is today the longest Underground line and also the busiest with around 260 million passengers a year.
    underground_station02-19-02-1993_1_1.jpg
  • During the morning rush-hour at Bank underground station in the heart of London's financial district, the grim face of 90s tube travel is seen here in a wide landscape of rounded tunnel and the curve of the station platform. Londoners are sandwiched inside the nearest carriage. Waiting for the doors to close and the hot air to seal them inside the small space, men and women press against each other in a claustrophobic journey along the Central Line. The Central line is a London Underground line, coloured red on the tube map. It is a deep-level "tube" line, running east-west across London, and, at 76 km (47 mi). Incorporated in 1891 it is today the longest Underground line and also the busiest with around 260 million passengers a year.
    underground_station01-19-02-1993_1_1.jpg
  • During the morning rush-hour at Bank underground station in the heart of London's financial district, the grim face of 90s tube travel is seen here in a wide landscape of rounded tunnel and the curve of the station platform. Weary Londoners sit waiting for the doors to close and the hot air to seal them inside the small space, men and women press against each other in a claustrophobic journey along the Central Line. The Central line is a London Underground line, coloured red on the tube map. It is a deep-level "tube" line, running east-west across London, and, at 76 km (47 mi). Incorporated in 1891 it is today the longest Underground line and also the busiest with around 260 million passengers a year.
    underground_commuters01-09-03-1992_1...jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders47-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders46-20-06-1995.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders44-25-09-2012.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders43-25-09-2012.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders41-25-09-2012.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders38-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers working at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) walk through City streets at lunchtime. The LIFFE exchange was once where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts were exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders37-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers working at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) walk through City streets at lunchtime. The LIFFE exchange was once where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts were exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders35-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers working at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) walk through City streets at lunchtime. The LIFFE exchange was once where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts were exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders34-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders32-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders31-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders30-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders28-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders27-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders26-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders22-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders20-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders19-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders18-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders14-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders12-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders11-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders10-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders09-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders08-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders05-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders04-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders03-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Surgeons perform an operation during a procedure at the private Health Care International hospital. With great care, two surgeons work intensely wearing hygienic facemasks and perform their intricate work carefully. This hospital delivered only high-end medicine to foreign patients and telemedicine was popular in the 90s when a growing awareness of the potential benefits of advanced medicine, emerging democracies, growing middle classes and an ageing population worldwide established locations like this in Scotland. But they were expensive to build and run and this hospital at Clydebank of up to 500 beds catered primarily for foreigners who flew into Glasgow airport, was built with the assistance of £30 million of public money, went into receivership when its target of overseas business was slower to build-up impacting its cash flows.
    hospital_surgery02-20-05-1994_1_1.jpg
  • Four associates celebrate a successful day's business by treating themselves to a lunchtime bottle of white wine amid the scenes of prosperity and wealth of early 90s Britain. At their feet in the bay window are the fruits of a buoyant economy - Magnums of and jeroboams of Champagne to help revel in the success of the era. This is the City of London, the heart of the capital's financial district where money is earned in great quantities and commodities traded in their millions. The commissions are huge and lunchtimes are extravagant.
    city_lunchtime02-20-05-1993_1.jpg
  • As two city office workers walk briskly towards the viewer, we also see an artwork, a series of statues of commuting people are also striding as one, making their homeward journeys. The two gentlemen however appear to be taking a lunchtime break from their desk jobs and carrying sports holdalls with the 90s sports brand Head, are probably on their way to any number of city-based gyms. They look successful and wealthy, products of a healthy economy and a business culture of bonuses and high prospects of affluence whereas the statues lend a feeing of suppression and the treadmill of their anonymous daily lives as if they were part of some Orwellian society.
    city_london_workers06-16-07-1990_1.jpg
  • Two brokers working at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) have finished trading for the day and are resting chatting to colleages beneath a large old-fashioned dot matrix sign telling us the market's value at the close of business. They both wear orange jackets denoting their respective employers. They sit on the trading floor, otherwise known as the Pit where Derivatives, Options, Futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders49-20-06-1993.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders42-25-09-2012.jpg
  • At the end of trading, tired brokers who used the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders39-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers working at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) walk through City streets at lunchtime. The LIFFE exchange was once where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts were exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders36-25-09-2012.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders25-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders24-20-06-1995.jpg
  • Brokers using the 'open cry' form of communicating futures and commodity prices on the trading floor at the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) in the 1990s. The floor is also known as the bear pit where derivatives, options, futures and their contracts are exchanged in a frenzy of arm and hand expressions which communicate prices and quantities. The LIFFE exchange was synonymous with the Thatcherite capitalist money-making ethos in the City of London of the 80s and early 90s before the takeover by Euronext in January 2002. It is currently known as Euronext.liffe. Euronext subsequently merged with New York Stock Exchange in April 2007.
    liffe_traders06-20-06-1995.jpg
  • As two city office workers walk briskly towards the viewer, we also see an artwork, a series of statues of commuting people are also striding as one, making their homeward journeys. The two gentlemen however appear to be taking a lunchtime break from their desk jobs and carrying sports holdalls with the 90s sports brand Head, are probably on their way to any number of city-based gyms. They look successful and wealthy, products of a healthy economy and a business culture of bonuses and high prospects of affluence whereas the statues lend a feeing of suppression and the treadmill of their anonymous daily lives as if they were part of some Orwellian society.
    commuters-16-07-1990_1.jpg
  • A woman employee works at a computer at Allen-Bradley Automation in Milton Keynes, England UK. The factory worker wears blue company overalls and types on the keyboard and a computer that has an industrial screen filter. A variety of electronics equipment is seen in the background. Allen-Bradley is the brand-name of a line of Factory Automation Equipment manufactured by Rockwell Automation (NYSE ROK). The company was initially founded as the Compression Rheostat Company by Dr. Stanton Allen and Lynde Bradley with an initial investment of $1,000 in 1903.
    90s_electronics-20-09-1994_1.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, sunbathing Germans face away from the wind on the beach at the Baltic coast, a region of East Germany, 1st June 1990, Bezirk Rostock, eastern Germany former DDR. The Bezirk Rostock, the northernmost part of the DDR, was on the coast of the Baltic Sea, in front of the Danish coasts. It bordered with the Bezirke of Schwerin and Neubrandenburg, with Poland and West Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1994.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, are the partially-collapsed ballustrade and porch of a semi-derelict German house, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_10.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, a young German woman reads a newspaper at the feet of a Trummerfrau statue honouring the rubble-clearing women after the war in Rathauspark, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_12.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, a cigarette brand marketing lady  hands out promos for Prince of Denmark and photographs unhappy-looking former east Germans with a Polaroid camera in Leipzigs town square, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_11.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, a wooden crate of cauliflowers are displayed underneath the prices of other vegetables at a street market in Leipzig in eastern Germany, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_8.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc era, pro-Communist Germans carrying Soviet and DDR flags march in Berlin, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_4.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, a van drives through a cold early morning central Berlin, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_6.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc era, riot police tower over a young German girl outside Berlin Cathedral, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_3.jpg
  • 1990s rush-hour commuters cross London Bridge from Southwark on the south bank to the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 18th February 1992, in London, England.
    90s_commuters-20-11-1993.jpg
  • In Europes largest currency trading floor at National Westminster Bank, a 1990s female banker works at her computer at  in the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 20th May 1993, in London, England.
    90s_banker-20-05-1993.jpg
  • Two 1990s office workers sunbathe on grass during their lunchtime, on the grass in the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 20th June 1992, in London, England.
    90s_sunbathing-20-06-1993.jpg
  • A group of 1990s work colleagues drink outside in summer sunshine, beneath the dome of St. Pauls Cathedral, in the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 20th June 1993, in London, England.
    90s_drinkers-20-06-1993.jpg
  • A 1990s tired office worker has forty winks at lunchtime in Broadgate in the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 20th June 1993, in London, England.
    90s_lunchtime-20-06-1993.jpg
  • 1990s passengers sit and stand in an overcrowded train carriage in the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 18th February 1992, in London, England.
    90s_commuters-16-02-1992.jpg
  • Two police officers patrol past a group of Chinese state news consumers in a Shenzhen street. Locals stop to scan headlines and the stories of the day from the sheets of newsprint posted up on street corners. The policemen in uniform patrol the area with a presence to deter petty crime in a new and prosperous China. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and until the 1980s, almost all media outlets in Mainland China were state-run. Independent media outlets only began to emerge at the onset of economic reforms, although state-run media outlets such as Xinhua, CCTV, and People's Daily continue to hold significant market share.
    90s_china_police-21-04-1995_1.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, the stone decoration on an office building wall has been eaten away by atmospheric pollution, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_9.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, workman carries a wooden panel or door in a Berlin street, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_7.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc era, German youths gather at a war memorial, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_1.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc era, German youths against Isolationism gather outside Berlin Cathedral, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_2.jpg
  • A 1990s banker speaks on the phone and in front of his computer, on the trading floor of credit Lyonnais in the City of London aka The Square Mile, the capitals financial centre, on 20th May 1993, in London, England.
    90s_bank-20-05-1993.jpg
  • A building worker grinds steel caging on a construction project site in Milton Keynes, UK. Bending down to ground level, the workman touches his grinder to cut the steel structure into the required size and shape, destined to be covered in reinforced concrete for this generic construction project. Sparks fly up though the worker wears no protection gear against burns from the hot sparks.
    90s_construction-18-05-1994_1.jpg
  • Three businessmen gather for an informal meeting, outside a bar in central Milton Keynes, UK. Each with a pint of bitter or lager, the three associates sit outside a bar in the town centre at lunchtime, half-way through the working day. One takes a sip from his pint glass and the others refer to paperwork, the subject of their time together.
    90s_businessmen-18-05-1994_1.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, two east German women walk past a closed and decaying Pharmacy and photography business where a poster advertising a New Germany weekly newspaper has been attached to a rotting door, on 15th June 1990, in Zwickau, eastern Germany former DDR.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, children play in Marx Engels Platz on an East Berlin shopping precinct roof built during the Communist DDR-era, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany. Marx-Engels-Forum was a public park in the central Mitte district of Berlin. It was named for Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, authors of The Communist Manifesto of 1848 and regarded as founders of the Communist movement. The park was created by authorities of the former German Democratic Republic GDR in 1986.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_5.jpg
  • The still new Canary Wharf tower stands tall in the distance with a foreground of a city in turmoil. A still derelict space occupies the space where large offices will be built in the future. Fences stop trespassers from entering a water-filled hole on wasteland. This docklands development in east London is the product of the 1980s financial boom when during the office of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, huge building projects such as the Docklands consortium saw vast changes in London's landscape. The centrepiece was 1, Canada Square, also known as the Canary Wharf tower.
    docklands_landscape-22-10-2012_1.jpg
  • A husband and wife make their way along a pavement towards the entrance of the Ascot racecourse where the annual Ladies' Day event is held as part of the English social season calendar. Leading the way and carrying two walking sticks and in a polythene bag, his best jacket for the dress-code is important if one is allowed access to the private enclosures. He wears a top hat and waste coat as he hobbles along with wife in tow. She is behind him rummaging through her handbag perhaps looking for tickets or cash. Royal Ascot is held every June and is one of the main dates on the sporting calendar and social season.
    ascot_couple06-18-1992_1.jpg
  • Traffic, cyclists and pedestrians fill this busy urban landscape in Oxford Street in London's west end. As the cars drive past allowing for the space needed for the bikes and their riders, shoppers walking on the pavement (sidewalk) make their way to see the shops and stores. We see the signage of McDonalds, Virgin and Sock Shop - all major brands in the early 1990s - plus Cannon cinemas. There is boxes litter in the gutter which the cyclists have to steer past and they pass-by.
    oxford_street-12-03-1990.jpg
  • A close-up detail of a London Metropolitan police officer's face and helmet. Wearing a moustache and the famous tall helmet with the crest of the Met Police on the front.
    met_policeman01-20-03-1991.jpg
  • A young mother holds her child while sitting on a street bench outside a closed 1990s Job Centre. As a result of the 1987 a stock market collapse, the UK economy experienced a downturn resulting in public services suffering a reduction, including the closure of the Job Centres of the day. The recession of the early 1990s describes the period of economic downturn affecting much of the world in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
    job_centre-12-11-1991_1.jpg
  • Four estate agent's property boards advertise their names and numbers in a London housing estate, each representing vendors selling their houses and flats for a set commission in the housing market. Above the signs is the pink blossom from a cherry tree whose branches hang over the temporary information boards. The term originally referred to a person responsible for managing a landed estate, while those engaged in the buying and selling of homes were "House Agents", and those selling land were "Land Agents". However, in the 20th century, "Estate Agent" started to be used as a generic term, perhaps because it was thought to sound more impressive. Estate agent is roughly synonymous in the United States with the term real estate broker.
    for_sale-25-01-1991_1.jpg
  • In the window of a London estate agency, we see many properties in various styles and ages for sale. A sales executive swaps some of the pictures as some sell or perhaps, are taken off the market by their vendors.
    estate_agent01-13-03-1991_1.jpg
  • A British passenger has a road map for the year 1996 on their lap in the left-hand seat as they queue with other Brits at the Eurotunnel terminal at Folkestone, England. Their journey will take them across the English Channel to   France via the Channel Tunnel.
    channel_crossing-18-07-1996_1.jpg
  • Rubbish and litter blocks the waterways of a canal in east London. Algae and household pollution lies on the surface of the waters dug by navvies of the Victorian era when canals around Britain helped supply the industrial revolution with the raw ingredients to power the furnaces, mills and wharves of the transport age. This is a section of the River Neckinger that once flowed from south London into the Thames at Bermindsey but during the redevelopment of the warves into expensive riverside apartments, the waters were once again freed from 20th century dereliction.
    canal_pollution02-11-09-1993_1.jpg
  • Rubbish and litter blocks the waterways of a canal in Stratford, east London. Algae and household pollution lies on the surface of the waters dug by navvies of the Victorian era when canals around Britain helped supply the industrial revolution with the raw ingredients to power the furnaces, mills and wharves of the transport age. This is a small outlet of the River Lea where the future Olympic Park would be built - the waters once again freed from 20th century dereliction.
    canal_pollution01-11-09-1993_1.jpg
  • Two people of east Asian-descent look at Toshiba laptops displayed in a computer specialist in Tottenham Court Road - the centre for technology, gadgets and computing in central London. It is 1990 and the smaller, more portable laptop market is just taking off. The man takes notes on paper, writing prices, technical  specifications and offers for these Japanese-made items. Vying for sales with Toshiba in this particular window is Psion, Epson and Canon - all players in the early 1990s.
    toshiba_buyers-03-03-1990_1_1.jpg
  • An aerial landscape view of a railway network whose tracks and rails converge on a station in central London. Three trains filled with commuters all make their way into this unseen railway hub. The route curls away into the distance, slicing its way through the capital. London Rail is a directorate of Transport for London (TFL), involved in the relationship with the National Rail network within London, UK. It manages non-tube rail systems in London. Railways started to change the landscape of London itself, followed by its suburbs in the mid to late 19th century when streets and neighbourhoods were cut in half by the new infrastructure.
    railway_trains-13-05-1993.jpg
  • A Hungarian man stands in an open phone booth to make a call using a landline in a Budapest street. The word Telefon is overhead and this cold-war era technology is in use in 1990. According to Thomas Edison, "Tivadar Puskas was the first person to suggest the idea of a telephone exchange". Puskás's idea finally became a reality in 1877 in Boston. It was then that the Hungarian word "hallom" "I hear you" was used for the first time in a telephone conversation when, on hearing the voice of the person at the other end of the line, Puskás shouted "hallom". This cannot be confirmed by any original documents, however it has passed into Hungarian modern folklore. Hallom was shortened to Hello.
    hungary_payphone-13-06-1990_1.jpg
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