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  • A stall selling Communist Party paraphenalia, with the face of EMS Namboodiripad (1909-1988) former leader of Communist Party of India - CPI (M). Calicut, Kerala
    sfe_990507_0029.jpg
  • A stall selling Communist Party paraphenalia, with the face of EMS Namboodiripad (1909-1988) former leader of Communist Party of India - CPI (M). Calicut, Kerala
    sfe_990507_0026.jpg
  • The face of Che Guevara looks over a Communist Party rally in Calicut
    sfe_990507_0004.jpg
  • Lying horizontal in a Budapest scrap yard are two Communist-era statues that were toppled along with the fall of the Hungarian Socialist state in March 1990. In the foreground is the statue of the once-hated Hungarian local Communist Ferenc Munnich who participated in the 1956 Hungarian revolution, then a member of the ‘Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government’, the Workers’ Militia and then defence minister and earning himself the Order of Lenin in 1967. After Hungary’s transition to a democracy, he has been dumped horizontally on a wooden frame, sliced off its original plinth at the feet and painted red, awaiting its fate. In fact this statue is now located in the theme park called Szoborpark (Statue Park) in the south of the city where he shares a political tourist landscape of 42 pieces of art from the Communist era between 1945 and 1989.
    communist_statue-13-06-1990_1.jpg
  • MLKP Marxist-Leninist Communist Party red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_019.jpg
  • Old Communist graffiti adorns the walls of a crumbling building as an elderly lady walks past. Heroic but peeling portraits and slogans adorn the plater wall reminder passers-by of previous era when Portuguese politics were more turbulent. The Portuguese Communist Party is a major left-wing political party in Portugal. It is a Marxist-Leninist party  based upon democratic centralism. The party was founded in 1921 but made illegal after a coup in the late 1920s. The PCP played a major role in the opposition to the dictatorial regime of António de Oliveira Salazar. After the bloodless Carnation Revolution in 1974 which overthrew the 48-year regime, the 36 members of party's Central Committee had, in the aggregate, experienced more than 300 years in jail.
    lisbon8-21-03-1994.jpg
  • Visitors enjoy the art and an old Trabant car at the old Berlin Wall at the East Side Gallery, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. Trabants were the common Socialist vehicle in East Germany, exported to countries both inside and outside the communist bloc. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery12-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • MLKP Marxist-Leninist Communist Party red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_028.jpg
  • Marching soldiers Tirana. The ranks and the structure of the Albanian Armed Forces were organised based on the Soviet concepts, thus increasing the political control of the State-Party over the Armed Forces.<br />
<br />
Like all other branches of the state, the military was subjugated to Communist Party control. All high-ranking military officers and most of the lower and middle ranks were members of the Communist Party - and had loyalties to it. The State and Party went even further in 1966, when military ranks were abolished following the example of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army and the military commander was insignificant with respect to the commanding role of the political commissars.<br />
<br />
The Sigurimi, was responsible for the execution, the imprisonment and deportation of more than 600 Officers from the Armed Forces, thereby completely neutralizing the Armed Forces ability to start a coup d’état. As the communist regime collapsed in Albania during 1990, there was a real fear that the armed forces might intervene to halt the collapse of communism by force. In the event, the armed forces stood by as the regime of which they had been a part disintegrated.
    Albania007_1_1.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_C_005.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_C_006.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_020.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_018.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_017.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_016.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_007.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_033.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_034.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_031.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_027.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_023.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_025.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_017.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_002.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_C_007.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_C_003.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_015.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_013.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_014.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_009.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_008.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_030.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_029.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_024.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_020.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_004.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_001.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_003.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_C_004.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_C_002.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_B_021.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_019.jpg
  • The faces and names of those killed while trying to cross  Berlin Wall, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_victims02-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Communist Party of Great Britain red flags during May Day celebrations in London, England, United Kingdom. Demonstration by unions and other organisations of workers to mark the annual May Day or Labour Day. Groups from all nationalities from around the World, living in London gathered to march to a rally in central London to mark the global workers day.
    20180501_may day demo_A_026.jpg
  • Small statue of Enver Hoxha in a waiting room inside the Pyramid,  Tirana. This brutal structure was designed by the daughter and son-in-law of Enver Hoxha, Albania's communist dictator. Initially, it was a mausoleum (officially the "Enver Hoxha Memorial Museum"), inaugurated in 1988 as the final resting place of Albania's ruler, Enver Hoxha, the lord of life and death in Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985.<br />
<br />
With the fall of the Communist regime in 1991, Hoxha's corpse was evicted, just three years into its final rest. In 1992, the Pyramid became in name Tirana's main cultural center devoted to promoting contemporary arts (visual and performing arts, music, film and culture). In reality, its various halls were better known for the hosting of consumer goods trade fairs.
    Albania032_1_1.jpg
  • Where young Germans once risked their lives, graffiti and tags now adorn the concrete surfaces of original sections of the Berlin wall at the East Side Gallery on Muhlenstrasse, Berlin. The site is the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery13-08-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Aerial landscape of Bernauer Strasse, showing a section of preserved Berlin wall where East Germans were killed while trying to cross the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_bernauer03-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Pamphlets and literature on a stall of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-12-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Marble statue of Enver Hoxha in the centre of the Pyramid, Tirana when it was a museum to the dictator. This brutal structure was designed by the daughter and son-in-law of Enver Hoxha, Albania's communist dictator. Initially, it was a mausoleum (officially the "Enver Hoxha Memorial Museum"), inaugurated in 1988 as the final resting place of Albania's ruler, Enver Hoxha, the lord of life and death in Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985.<br />
<br />
With the fall of the Communist regime in 1991, Hoxha's corpse was evicted, just three years into its final rest. In 1992, the Pyramid became in name Tirana's main cultural center devoted to promoting contemporary arts (visual and performing arts, music, film and culture). In reality, its various halls were better known for the hosting of consumer goods trade fairs.
    Albania031_1_1.jpg
  • Children play near a puddle in the town of Nova Huta. In filthy industrial streets, the kids look undernourished in this scene of impoverished, Communist dereliction. It is horribly depressing and unhealthy place to grow up and these children are pale and yet seem happy, with smiles on their faces. The famous steel works can be seen reflected in the puddle before them. After the war, Stalin decided to build an industrial Communist fantasy just outside Krakow: a model town and immense steelworks of the future. The steelworks was named after Lenin and the town would be called Nowa Huta  - or, the new steel mill. At its peak, 27,000 people worked at the Lenin Steelworks. But Solidarity grew strong forcing strikes over pay and recognition over their union. Today, it is an economic and ecological disaster area.
    nova_huta_puddle01-20-06-1990.jpg
  • A young skateboarder leaps into the air beneath the huge memorial to the German Communist leader Ernst Thalmann, the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1933 and held in solitary confinement for eleven years, before being shot in Buchenwald on Adolf Hitler's orders in 1944. The Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation, consisting of the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers, was a youth scouting-styled organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14, in East Germany. Its motto was" "Für Frieden und Sozialismus seid bereit – Immer bereit" ("For peace and socialism be ready - always ready") but the Pioneers were disbanded in 1989 after early protests here in Leipzig at the same time as the Berlin Wall and the Socialist state's fall.
    DDR_travel05-06_1990_1.jpg
  • Detail of a rusty Wartburg 312 car standing at the kerbside in an eastern Berlin district. A sticker with the letters DDR as the German Democratic Republic (DDR in German and GDR in English) as East Germany was called during the Cold War. Any car was a highly-prized possession when ownership of luxury goods like vehicles aroused suspicion for other than Communist Party officials. This car may have been someone of rank or influence. The GDR was a self-declared socialist state, referred to in the West as a "communist state" in the Soviet Sector of occupied Germany created after the second world war and partitioned when DDR leaders built the Berlin Wall that eventually segregated Germany and Europe. The East Germany state existed from 7 October 1949 until 3 October 1990 and was a potent symbol of a divided Europe during the Cold War.
    DDR_travel01-06_1990_1.jpg
  • The faces and names of those killed while trying to cross  Berlin Wall, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_victims01-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Visitors enjoy the art on the old Berlin Wall at the East Side Gallery, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery08-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Visitors enjoy the art on the old Berlin Wall at the East Side Gallery, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery04-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Colourfully-painted sections of the old Berlin Wall are exhibited by local artists opposite the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_art02-05-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Wall map of Communist East Germany in the conference room where the heads of the GDR secret police met with district administrators, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history.
    berlin_stasi_museum35-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A painted section of the old Berlin wall standing in a pedestrian precinct, near Checkpoint Charlie in central Berlin. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the Communist German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    bderlin_wall01-05-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A picture of Mao Zedong and other Chinese Communist Party leaders hang on the Chairman's former bedroom at his home and birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds to conquer China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan006.jpg
  • Known as the "Black Widow of the Balkans", Nexhmije Hoxha, the wife of the Albanian communist dictator Enver Hoxha, at home in Tirana  under house arrest. In the foreground is an early photograph of herself as a young pioneer. At the age of 20, Nexhmije joined the Albanian communist party and rapidly rose in the party hierarchy thanks to her close relationship with the party leader Qemal Stafa. After his assassination during the World War II, Nexhmije married his successor Enver Hoxha.
    Albania011_1_1.jpg
  • The portrait of a Soviet soldier sits high above modern Friedrishstrasse in modern Berlin at the location of  the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    checkpoint_charlie_soviet01-05-04-20...jpg
  • The faces and names of those killed while trying to cross  Berlin Wall, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_victims03-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Where young Germans once risked their lives, graffiti and tags now adorn the concrete surfaces of original sections of the Berlin wall at the East Side Gallery on Muhlenstrasse, Berlin. The site is the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery07-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Children play in a desolate street in the town of Nova Huta. Amid the filthy walls of their tenement building home and of the grim, car less street beyond, two older children play in their doorway while younger friends peer from around a corner. It is horribly depressing and unhealthy place to grow up and these children are pale and yet seem happy, with smiles on their faces. The famous steel works can be seen at the end of the street. After the war, Stalin decided to build an ideological communist fantasy just outside Krakow: a model town and immense steelworks of the future. The steelworks was named after Lenin and the town would be called Nova Huta. At its peak, 27,000 people worked at the Lenin Steelworks. But Solidarity grew strong forcing strikes over pay and recognition over their union. Today, it is an economic and ecological disaster area.
    poland_poverty-20-06-1990.jpg
  • Pamphlets and literature on a stall of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-27-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-22-01-05-2018.jpg
  • A elderly man using a walking stick enters the shadows of the Italian Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, PRC - founded 1991) Venice office with a street Jesus shrine on its wall, near the Arsenale in the Castello, a district of Venice, Italy. Entering the dark front room, the old gentleman steps up with the stick for balance.
    venice_81-22-07-2015_1.jpg
  • A sun symbol belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (UML - Unified Marxist Leninist) is seen before elections in a wide landscape of a Himalayan valley in the Gorkha district, one of the 75 districts of central Nepal. Beyond the red-painted sign that has been painted in red on a footpath rock, unavoidable by community passers-by, are fertile terraces where rice and other agricultural crops are growing to sustain villages in these foothills. The light is clear and we can see into the far distance to valleys and hills beyond.
    nepal_rural05-16-01-1997.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. Two seemingly gay men are kissing on the lips but this is one of the most famous paintings – a symbol of a divided Europe during the Cold War. It shows Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kissing his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_kiss-04-11-1990_1.jpg
  • Two shipbuilders chat beneath the heavy lifting cranes at the Polish Gdansk shipyard - once known as the Lenin Shipyard but still the largest of its kind in modern Poland. The grimy and hazardous working conditions make for a dangerous environment in which to work and the two men in the foreground and those behind, wear bright yellow hard hats, protecting them from steel edges and rusting machinery. Here in 1980 the union Solidarity (Solidarnosc) was conceived and was partly responsible for a growing dissent against Communist rule, ultimately contributing towards the fall of the Berlin Wall. Lech Walesa started his political career as an electrical technician here, going on to lead Solidarity and then to become President of a democratic Poland. Today Gdansk is a major industrial city and shipping port.
    gdansk_shipyard07-03-09-2007_1.jpg
  • With orange sparks falling away below, a shipbuilder welds while standing on a scaffolding gantry on the hull of a large German ferry at the Polish Gdansk shipyard - once known as the Lenin Shipyard but still the largest of its kind in modern Poland. The grimy and hazardous working conditions make for a dangerous environment in which to work and the worker wears a protective hood on his head. Here in 1980 the union Solidarity (Solidarnosc) was conceived and was partly responsible for a growing dissent against Communist rule, ultimately contributing towards the fall of the Berlin Wall. Lech Walesa started his political career as an electrical technician here, going on to lead Solidarity and then to become President of a democratic Poland. Today Gdansk is a major industrial city and shipping port.
    gdansk_shipyard11-03-09-2007_1.jpg
  • Seen from St Catherine's Church in the old city of Gdansk, Poland, the famously sprawling shipyard is seen from across the city's old housing and trees. Once known as the Lenin Shipyard but still the largest of its kind in modern Poland. Here in 1980 the union Solidarity (Solidarnosc) was conceived and was partly responsible for a growing dissent against Communist rule, ultimately contributing towards the fall of the Berlin Wall. Lech Walesa started his political career as an electrical technician here, going on to lead Solidarity and then to become President of a democratic Poland. Today Gdansk is a major industrial city and shipping port.
    gdansk_shipyard09-03-09-2007_1.jpg
  • A shipbuilder wearing a face mask, leans through the incomplete window belonging to the superstructure of a large German ferry at the Polish Gdansk shipyard - once known as the Lenin Shipyard but still the largest of its kind in modern Poland. The grimy and hazardous working conditions make for a dangerous environment in which to work. His overalls are torn from jagged steel edges and his skin is dirty. Here in 1980 the union Solidarity (Solidarnosc) was conceived and was partly responsible for a growing dissent against Communist rule, ultimately contributing towards the fall of the Berlin Wall. Lech Walesa started his political career as an electrical technician here, going on to lead Solidarity and then to become President of a democratic Poland. Today the city of Gdansk is a major industrial city and shipping port.
    gdansk_shipyard04-03-09-2007_1.jpg
  • Opening Shkodra's catholic cathedral to worshipers after 25 years. The cathedral of Shkodra was called Kisha e Madhe (the Great Church) because, at that time, it was one of the largest churches in the Balkans. With the notorious 'cultural revolution' of 1967, all the churches in Albania were closed, some were destroyed, others transformed into cultural centres or stores. The cathedral was transformed into a palace of sport and was host to the Congress of Communist Women in 1973.
    Albania048_1_1.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, are the partially-collapsed ballustrade and porch of a semi-derelict German house, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_10.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, a cigarette brand marketing lady  hands out promos for Prince of Denmark and photographs unhappy-looking former east Germans with a Polaroid camera in Leipzigs town square, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_11.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, workman carries a wooden panel or door in a Berlin street, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_7.jpg
  • The red Chinese national flag hangs outside the Bank of China on Lothbury Street EC2 in the City of London - the capitals financial district, on 21st August 2018, in London, England. At a time when economic and property investment agreements between Britain and China were confirmed, the Chinese communist states presence in the UK capital is becoming more obvious.
    bank_of_china-03-21-08-2018.jpg
  • Washing clothes in the Enver Hoxha state farm in Korce, near the Greek boarder. Albania's principal industries were labor-intensive, but there were ample labor reserves in the agricultural population. Workers officially put in a six-day, forty-eight-hour week with at least two weeks of annual vacation. People who fled Albania during the communist era, however, reported that ten-hour workdays were the minimum at many farms and factories.
    Albania069_1_1.jpg
  • A delivery of womens underwear arriving in a state shop in Tirana. Albania's communist economic system, with its strict central controls, egalitarian incentive system, and bias toward heavy industry, collapsed in the early 1990s, idling almost all of the country's production lines. Albania's government reported unemployment at about 30 percent, but unofficial 1991 estimates indicated that about 50 percent of the work force was jobless.
    Albania044_1.jpg
  • Children climbing the Pyramid, Tirana, after the fall of the Hoxha regime (they would have been imprisoned a year earlier). This brutal structure was designed by the daughter of Enver Hoxha, . Initially, it was a mausoleum (officially the "Enver Hoxha Memorial Museum"), inaugurated in 1988 as the final resting place of Albania's ruler, Enver Hoxha, the lord of life and death in Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985.<br />
<br />
With the fall of the Communist regime in 1991, Hoxha's corpse was evicted. In 1992, the Pyramid became in name Tirana's main cultural center devoted to promoting contemporary arts (visual and performing arts, music, film and culture). In reality, its various halls were better known for the hosting of consumer goods trade fairs.
    Albania030_1_1.jpg
  • Children play in a desolate street in the town of Nova Huta. Amid the filthy walls of their tenement building home and of the grim, car less street beyond, two older children play in their doorway while younger friends peer from around a corner. It is horribly depressing and unhealthy place to grow up and these children are pale and yet seem happy, with smiles on their faces. The famous steel works can be seen st the end of the street. After the war, Stalin decided to build an ideological communist fantasy just outside Krakow: a model town and immense steelworks of the future. The steelworks was named after Lenin and the town would be called Nova Huta. At its peak, 27,000 people worked at the Lenin Steelworks. But Solidarity grew strong forcing strikes over pay and recognition over their union. Today, it is an economic and ecological disaster area.
    misc_poland06-06-09-2007.jpg
  • Actors in US and Soviet army uniforms hold flags to recount German history during the second world war and later, the cold war - beneath the Brandenburg Gate in Unter den Linden in central Berlin, Germany. The site is near the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. Here also, Berlin was separated by the occupying sectors of US, British, French and Soviet forces after WW2. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany.
    brandenburg_gate_tourism02-05-04-201...jpg
  • Desk in the preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum29-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Socialist wall thermometer in preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum23-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Lenin bust in preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum22-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum19-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum17-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A soldier image on a rug, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history.
    berlin_stasi_museum11-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • ID papers for an anonymous secret agent from Cottbus, Germany, an exhibit in the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. The Stasi Museum is a 22-hectare complex of research  and memorial centre concerning the political system of the former East Germany.
    berlin_stasi_museum09-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • ID papers for an anonymous secret agent from Cottbus, Germany, an exhibit in the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. The Stasi Museum is a 22-hectare complex of research  and memorial centre concerning the political system of the former East Germany.
    berlin_stasi_museum07-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The main entrance of 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum05-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A workers looks up at a statue of Mao Zedong at the workshop of a "Red" memorabilia collector and manufacturer, near Mao's birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The workers were once electricians. The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan122.jpg
  • A puppy sits next to a statue of Mao Zedong at the home of a "Red" memorabilia collector and manufacturer, near Mao's birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan099.jpg
  • Tang Ruiren, founder of Mao's Family Restaurant chain, shows off some Mao souvenirs in one of her restaurants near the birthplace of Mao Zedong, in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan048.jpg
  • Mao souvenirs in one of Tang Ruiren's Mao Family  Restaurants near the birthplace of Mao Zedong, in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan040.jpg
  • A stall owner stands next to Mao memorabilia on sale outside of  Mao's birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan022.jpg
  • Visitors walk past a picture of Mao Zeming, Mao Zedong's younger brother, in Zeming's bedroom at their former home and birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan014.jpg
  • A view of Mao Zedong's former home and birthplace in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, China on 12 August 2009.  The village of Shaoshan, in rural Hunan Province, is tiny in size but big in name. It was the childhood home for Mao Zedong, the controversial revolutionary who came from obscurity but eventually defied all odds conquered China in the name of communism. Now his home, a sacred place among China's official propaganda, is in reality a microcosm of the country itself: part commercialism, part superstition, with a dash of communist ideological flavor.
    QS090812Shaoshan010.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, two east German women walk past a closed and decaying Pharmacy and photography business where a poster advertising a New Germany weekly newspaper has been attached to a rotting door, on 15th June 1990, in Zwickau, eastern Germany former DDR.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990.jpg
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