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  • With coils of barded security wire beneath, a sad-looking English flag on a pole overlooks an industrial yard in south London. This might be a metaphor for the state of the nation today, a dystopian society of pessimism and oppression as if from Orwellian fiction. It may also suggest a country during revolution or quanrantine, closed behind the security fence.
    england_flag06-27-04-2013_1.jpg
  • With coils of barded security wire beneath, a sad-looking English flag on a pole overlooks an industrial yard in south London. This might be a metaphor for the state of the nation today, a dystopian society of pessimism and oppression as if from Orwellian fiction. It may also suggest a country during revolution or quanrantine, closed behind the security fence.
    england_flag11-27-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The outer wall and watchtower on Genzlerstrasse of the notorious secret police (Stasi) Hohenschonhausen prison. The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is now a museum and memorial located in Berlin's north-eastern Lichtenberg district. Hohenschönhausen was a very important part of the Socialist GDR's (German Democratic Republic) system of political and artistic oppression. Although torture (including Chinese water torture) and physical violence were commonly employed at Hohenschönhausen (especially in the 1950s), psychological intimidation was the main method of political repression and techniques including sleep deprivation, total isolation, threats to friends and family members.Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    hohenschonhausen_stasi_prison13-05-0...jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_029.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_005.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_032.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_025.jpg
  • 'Wear what you want' protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.” (photo by Mike Kemp/In Pictures via Getty Images)
    20160825_burkini ban protest_037.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_026.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_022.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_021.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_018.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_017.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_016.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_015.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_011.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_008.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_007.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_020.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_031.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_023.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_013.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_001.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_004.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_036.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_035.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_034.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_033.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_028.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_027.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_012.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_009.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_006.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_002.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_030.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_024.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_019.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_014.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_010.jpg
  • Wear what you want protest at the French embassy against the burkini ban for Muslim women on France’s beaches on 25th August 2016 in London, United Kingdom. Activists called on fellow supporters to descend on Knightsbridge saying “Come along to the French embassy and wear what you want - burkinis, bikinis, anything goes. Bring beach gear: beach umbrellas, towels, bat and ball, boules... Join us at the French embassy to show solidarity with French Muslim women and to call for the repeal of this oppressive law by the French Government.”
    20160825_burkini ban protest_003.jpg
  • Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0007.jpg
  • Ahmadiyyas praying at their mosque in Rabwah, Pakistan. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0008.jpg
  • An imam leads his congregation. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0004.jpg
  • An Ahmadiya boy, Rabwah, Pakistan...Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0003.jpg
  • Two Ahmadiyya men after prayers at their mosque, Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0002.jpg
  • A man holds a portrait of the prophet, Ahmed, Rabwah, Pakistan. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0001.jpg
  • Detail of a rusty Wartburg 312 car standing at the kerbside in an eastern Berlin district. A sticker with the letters DDR as the German Democratic Republic (DDR in German and GDR in English) as East Germany was called during the Cold War. Any car was a highly-prized possession when ownership of luxury goods like vehicles aroused suspicion for other than Communist Party officials. This car may have been someone of rank or influence. The GDR was a self-declared socialist state, referred to in the West as a "communist state" in the Soviet Sector of occupied Germany created after the second world war and partitioned when DDR leaders built the Berlin Wall that eventually segregated Germany and Europe. The East Germany state existed from 7 October 1949 until 3 October 1990 and was a potent symbol of a divided Europe during the Cold War.
    DDR_travel01-06_1990_1.jpg
  • An Ahmadiyya elder, blinded for his faith. Rabwah, Pakistan. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0010.jpg
  • Woman weeps at the grave of her murdered child. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0005.jpg
  • A boy plays ball in a mosque. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0012.jpg
  • The gate of an Ahmadiyya mosque, Rabwah, Pakistan. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1839-1908) who was seen by his followers as the final phrophet. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0009.jpg
  • Man at an Ahmadiyya mosque, Rabwah, Pakistan. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0006.jpg
  • A woman beneath a portrait of her murdered husband, rabwah, Pakistan. Also known as Qadiani's The Ahmadiyyas are the followers of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (1835-1908). According to his followers, he was the  founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at and The Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi. The Ahmadiyya (Qadiani) movement in Islam is a religious organisation with more than 30 million members worldwide. Ahmadiyyas are now banned from calling themselves Muslim in Pakistan and suffer terrible discrimination under anti-blasphemy laws and are regularly murdered for their faith.
    sfe_990722_0011.jpg
  • On the edge of an old Soviet parade ground, peeling murals show the physical style of Russian marching techniques seen in this army boot camp in the former East German peninsular called Halbinsel Wustrow near Rostock. For the benefit of recruits or as reminders of Soviet discipline, the picture shows a soldier marching in that unmistakable goose-stepping style reminiscent of the Nazi era, with high forward kicks and a strenuous arm movement to the chest as seen in iconic May Day celebrations in Red Square. Wustrow was once a WW2 German anti-aircraft artillery position then housed civilian refugees before the eventual Soviet occupation of the former DDR during the Cold War, up until 1990 and the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall. The camp was ransacked and all its assets stripped before its desertion that summer and is a reminder of a fallen ideology
    russian_wustrow02-16-06_1990.jpg
  • Pro-Democracy protesters with a Free Southern Cameroon group are tackled by Metropolitan police officers after dashing out from behind barriers outside Westminster Abbey during the Commonwealth Day service lead by the Queen and including members of the British royal family and Commonwealth ambassadors and dignitaries. They are holding placards saying Free President Ayuktabe Julius' (an Ambazonian separatist leader) and 'Justice for Babanki' (referring to allegations of soldier killings on villagers), on 9th March 2020, in London, England. At this, their last royal duty before stepping down for private careers, Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex will remain president and vice-president of the Queen's Commonwealth Trust, respectively.
    commonwealth_day-05-09-03-2020.jpg
  • Pro-Democracy protesters with a Free Southern Cameroon group are tackled by Metropolitan police officers after dashing out from behind barriers outside Westminster Abbey during the Commonwealth Day service lead by the Queen and including members of the British royal family and Commonwealth ambassadors and dignitaries. They are holding placards saying Free President Ayuktabe Julius' (an Ambazonian separatist leader) and 'Justice for Babanki' (referring to allegations of soldier killings on villagers), on 9th March 2020, in London, England. At this, their last royal duty before stepping down for private careers, Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex will remain president and vice-president of the Queen's Commonwealth Trust, respectively.
    commonwealth_day-09-09-03-2020.jpg
  • ID papers for an anonymous secret agent from Cottbus, Germany, an exhibit in the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. The Stasi Museum is a 22-hectare complex of research  and memorial centre concerning the political system of the former East Germany.
    berlin_stasi_museum07-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • World dictators adorn old sections of the old Berlin Wall <br />
opposite the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_dictators02-05-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The cafeteria and informal meeting place for secret police generals, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum31-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Socialist light switches in the preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum30-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Desk in the preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum28-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum19-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The main entrance of 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum05-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • As crowds of supporters and protesters line the Mall in central London, Chinese leader Xi Jinping starts off his state visit to Britain. There is much attached to Anglo-Sino relations and this series of trade and diplomatic events is of great importance to the UK government in terms of new business and investment. Protesters however, voiced their distaste at human rights issues for dissenters and of the occupation of Tibet.
    xi_jinping_visit08-20-10-2015_1.jpg
  • On the edge of an old Soviet parade ground, peeling murals show an instruction mural for guarding prison camps seen in this army boot camp in the former East German peninsular called Halbinsel Wustrow near Rostock. For the benefit of recruits or as reminders of Soviet discipline, the picture shows a soldier standing at the barbed wire of a generic Gulag holding his AK-47 weapon and dressed in fur hat and uniform from that era. Perhaps those training here were eventually to guard political prisoners though it is a reminder of a fallen ideology. Wustrow was once a WW2 German anti-aircraft artillery position then housed civilian refugees before the eventual Soviet occupation of the former DDR during the Cold War, up until 1990 and the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall. The camp was ransacked and all its assets stripped before its desertion that summer.
    russian_wustrow03-16-06_1990.jpg
  • A young skateboarder leaps into the air beneath the huge memorial to the German Communist leader Ernst Thalmann, the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1933 and held in solitary confinement for eleven years, before being shot in Buchenwald on Adolf Hitler's orders in 1944. The Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation, consisting of the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers, was a youth scouting-styled organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14, in East Germany. Its motto was" "Für Frieden und Sozialismus seid bereit – Immer bereit" ("For peace and socialism be ready - always ready") but the Pioneers were disbanded in 1989 after early protests here in Leipzig at the same time as the Berlin Wall and the Socialist state's fall.
    DDR_travel05-06_1990_1.jpg
  • Lying horizontal in a Budapest scrap yard are two Communist-era statues that were toppled along with the fall of the Hungarian Socialist state in March 1990. In the foreground is the statue of the once-hated Hungarian local Communist Ferenc Munnich who participated in the 1956 Hungarian revolution, then a member of the ‘Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government’, the Workers’ Militia and then defence minister and earning himself the Order of Lenin in 1967. After Hungary’s transition to a democracy, he has been dumped horizontally on a wooden frame, sliced off its original plinth at the feet and painted red, awaiting its fate. In fact this statue is now located in the theme park called Szoborpark (Statue Park) in the south of the city where he shares a political tourist landscape of 42 pieces of art from the Communist era between 1945 and 1989.
    communist_statue-13-06-1990_1.jpg
  • Pro-Democracy protesters with a Free Southern Cameroon group are tackled by Metropolitan police officers after dashing out from behind barriers outside Westminster Abbey during the Commonwealth Day service lead by the Queen and including members of the British royal family and Commonwealth ambassadors and dignitaries. They are holding placards saying Free President Ayuktabe Julius' (an Ambazonian separatist leader) and 'Justice for Babanki' (referring to allegations of soldier killings on villagers), on 9th March 2020, in London, England. At this, their last royal duty before stepping down for private careers, Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex will remain president and vice-president of the Queen's Commonwealth Trust, respectively.
    commonwealth_day-08-09-03-2020.jpg
  • Pro-Democracy protesters with a Free Southern Cameroon group are tackled by Metropolitan police officers after dashing out from behind barriers outside Westminster Abbey during the Commonwealth Day service lead by the Queen and including members of the British royal family and Commonwealth ambassadors and dignitaries. They are holding placards saying Free President Ayuktabe Julius' (an Ambazonian separatist leader) and 'Justice for Babanki' (referring to allegations of soldier killings on villagers), on 9th March 2020, in London, England. At this, their last royal duty before stepping down for private careers, Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex will remain president and vice-president of the Queen's Commonwealth Trust, respectively.
    commonwealth_day-02-09-03-2020.jpg
  • The faces and names of those killed while trying to cross  Berlin Wall, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_victims03-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The faces and names of those killed while trying to cross  Berlin Wall, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_victims02-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The faces and names of those killed while trying to cross  Berlin Wall, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_victims01-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Where young Germans once risked their lives, graffiti and tags now adorn the concrete surfaces of original sections of the Berlin wall at the East Side Gallery on Muhlenstrasse, Berlin. The site is the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery13-08-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. The two men are kissing on the lips, one of the most iconic paintings that symbolised a divided Europe during the Cold War. The Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kisses his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_gallery05-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. The two men are kissing on the lips, one of the most iconic paintings that symbolised a divided Europe during the Cold War. The Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kisses his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_gallery01-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The private quarters of GDR secret police Minister Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum44-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum34-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum21-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Socialist wall thermometer in preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum23-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Exterior of 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum04-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • On the edge of an old Soviet parade ground, peeling murals show the physical style of Russian marching techniques seen in this army boot camp in the former East German peninsular called Halbinsel Wustrow near Rostock. For the benefit of recruits or as a reminder of Soviet discipline, the picture shows soldiers marching in that unmistakable goose-stepping style reminiscent of the Nazi era, with high forward kicks and a strenuous arm movement to the chest as seen in iconic May Day celebrations in Red Square. Wustrow was once a WW2 German anti-aircraft artillery position then housed civilian refugees before the eventual Soviet occupation of the former DDR during the Cold War, up until 1990 and the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall. The camp was ransacked and all its assets stripped before its desertion that summer and is a reminder of a fallen ideology
    russian_wustrow01-16-06_1990.jpg
  • Pro-Democracy protesters with a Free Southern Cameroon group are tackled by Metropolitan police officers after dashing out from behind barriers outside Westminster Abbey during the Commonwealth Day service lead by the Queen and including members of the British royal family and Commonwealth ambassadors and dignitaries. They are holding placards saying Free President Ayuktabe Julius' (an Ambazonian separatist leader) and 'Justice for Babanki' (referring to allegations of soldier killings on villagers), on 9th March 2020, in London, England. At this, their last royal duty before stepping down for private careers, Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex will remain president and vice-president of the Queen's Commonwealth Trust, respectively.
    commonwealth_day-07-09-03-2020.jpg
  • Where young Germans once risked their lives, graffiti and tags now adorn the concrete surfaces of original sections of the Berlin wall at the East Side Gallery on Muhlenstrasse, Berlin. The site is the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_gallery07-06-04-2013_1.jpg
  • World dictators adorn old sections of the old Berlin Wall <br />
opposite the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_dictators03-05-04-2013_1.jpg
  • World dictators (incl Syrian President Bashir al-Assad) adorn old sections of the old Berlin Wall opposite the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_dictators04-05-04-2013_1.jpg
  • An image of Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan, adorns an old section of the old Berlin Wall opposite the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_dictators01-05-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Socialist decor near the conference room where the heads of the GDR secret police met with district administrators, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history.
    berlin_stasi_museum36-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A 'Bodil' passive eavesdropping transmitter from Bulgaria powered by a phone line, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum37-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Desk in the preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum29-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Lenin bust in preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92.
    berlin_stasi_museum22-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A soldier image on a rug, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history.
    berlin_stasi_museum11-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum13-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • A soldier in uniform, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum10-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Anti-police message outside of 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history.
    berlin_stasi_museum02-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Zulgai, a furniture maker at home with his family. “The children watch cartoons ,I like serious programs, like the news and my wife prefers to watch a Chinese soap that deals with the  unhappy life of a royal daughter.”
    afghan31_10_123_1.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. Two seemingly gay men are kissing on the lips but this is one of the most famous paintings – a symbol of a divided Europe during the Cold War. It shows Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kissing his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_kiss-04-11-1990_1.jpg
  • Exterior of 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum41-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • The conference room where the heads of the GDR secret police met with district administrators, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum33-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum17-07-04-2013_1.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy.
    berlin_stasi_museum14-07-04-2013_1.jpg
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