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  • A man is making his way home along a mountain road, high up in the moutains in Dolakha district. The summer months is the rainy season and rivers of rain water is coming down the moutains and across the roads.
    IMG_4417_1.jpg
  • The steep countours of Lisbon's Rua de Bica de Quarte Belo in the Portuguese capital's Bica district. With the rails of the funicular tram disappears over the edge, two local men stand and talk on a flatter part of this steep street in one of the oldest parts of the Portuguese capital. The Bica Funicular is a funicular railway that forms the connection between the Calçada do Combro/Rua do Loreto and the Rua de S. Paulo and opened on 28 June, 1892. It climbs the Rua da Bica de Duarte Belo for 245 metres from the Rua S. Paulo.
    lisbon_streets-21-03-1994_1.jpg
  • Pedestrian walkway and steep road with green and yellow edging leading down underneath buildings in the City of London, England, United Kingdom.
    20190821_steep road_001.jpg
  • Young men play an impromptu kick-about with a football on a steep street on 13th July 2016, in Bairro Alto district, Lisbon, Portugal. Thousands of impassioned Portuguese sports fans have very recently cheered their national football team days after the Euro 2016 final victory against France.
    portugal_lisbon-78-13-07-2016.jpg
  • As a local leans out from a window above and others walk uphill, one of the two cars of the funicular railway climbs the steep gradient of on Rua de Bica de Duarte Belo Elevador da Bica, on 13th July 2016, in Bairro Alto district, Lisbon, Portugal. The mechanical motor of the elevator was installed in 1890, but the lift only began functioning on 28 June 1892, after a couple of years of tests. The Bica Funicular is a funicular railway line in the civil parish of Misericórdia, in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. It connects the Rua de São Paulo with Calçada do Combro/Rua do Loreto, operated by Carris.
    portugal_lisbon-72-13-07-2016.jpg
  • Two tourists walk downhill with their baggage towards one of the two cars of the funicular railway climbing the steep gradient of on Rua de Bica de Duarte Belo Elevador da Bica, on 13th July 2016, in Lisbon, Portugal. The mechanical motor of the elevator was installed in 1890, but the lift only began functioning on 28 June 1892, after a couple of years of tests. The Bica Funicular is a funicular railway line in the civil parish of Misericórdia, in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. It connects the Rua de São Paulo with Calçada do Combro/Rua do Loreto, operated by Carris.
    portugal_lisbon-77-13-07-2016.jpg
  • As a local leans out from a window above and others walk uphill, one of the two cars of the funicular railway climbs the steep gradient of on Rua de Bica de Duarte Belo Elevador da Bica, on 13th July 2016, in Bairro Alto district, Lisbon, Portugal. The mechanical motor of the elevator was installed in 1890, but the lift only began functioning on 28 June 1892, after a couple of years of tests. The Bica Funicular is a funicular railway line in the civil parish of Misericórdia, in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. It connects the Rua de São Paulo with Calçada do Combro/Rua do Loreto, operated by Carris.
    portugal_lisbon-70-13-07-2016.jpg
  • As a local leans out from a window above and others walk uphill, one of the two cars of the funicular railway climbs the steep gradient of on Rua de Bica de Duarte Belo Elevador da Bica, on 13th July 2016, in Bairro Alto district, Lisbon, Portugal. The mechanical motor of the elevator was installed in 1890, but the lift only began functioning on 28 June 1892, after a couple of years of tests. The Bica Funicular is a funicular railway line in the civil parish of Misericórdia, in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. It connects the Rua de São Paulo with Calçada do Combro/Rua do Loreto, operated by Carris.
    portugal_lisbon-71-13-07-2016.jpg
  • A visitor to the Swayambhunath temple complex is making her way up the steep steps. The temle is also called the Monkey Temple and it is situated on top of a hill in the Kathamndu Valley.
    IMG_9947_1.jpg
  • Dramatic landscape view from the summit of Pen Y Fan down the steep incline across the valleys of Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5990.jpg
  • Dramatic landscape view from the summit of Pen Y Fan down the steep incline across the valleys of Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5954.jpg
  • Visitors climb and descend the steep gradient of 225 steps, 43 metre high Waterloo Lions battlefield Mound, on 25th March 2017, at Waterloo, Belgium. The Lions Mound Butte du Lion is a large conical artificial hill completed in 1826. It commemorates the location on the battlefield of Waterloo where a musket ball hit the shoulder of William II of the Netherlands the Prince of Orange and knocked him from his horse during the battle. From the summit, the hill offers a 360 degree vista of the battlefield. The Battle of Waterloo was fought 18 June 1815. A French army under Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, resulting in 41,000 casualties.
    waterloo_battlefield-25-25-03-2017.jpg
  • As a local lady looks on from her street bench, as a number 28 tram edges slowly through a steep and narrow street, on 11th July 2016, in Lisbon Portugal. The 28 is one of the trams not only used by the people of the capital but also of an increasing number of tourists who ride the entire route from Prazeres cemetery in the west of the city, to Rossio in the centre, after a loop through some of the most amazing streets and landmarks. So crowded is the 28, that older locals often cant sit down, having to stand over younger, inconsiderate tourist families who want a window seat for the entire journey - and back. Notices at termini remind visitors that this is a public service and to consider locals.
    portugal_lisbon-20-11-07-2016.jpg
  • A Buddhist monk joins tourists climbing down the steep steps from the top of Phnom Bakheng, where people gather at sundown to watch the sun set over the surrounding green fields. Phnom Bakheng was the first monument to be built in the Angkor area, constructed as a temple-mountain and hewn out of the rock in 889 by Yasovarman I it has great views all the way to Tonle Sap lake.
    2006-11-04_Pnomh Bakheng_1.jpg
  • Dramatic landscape view from the summit of Pen Y Fan down the steep incline across the valleys of Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5942.jpg
  • As one decends in the shadows, an uphill funicular tram climbs the steep countours of Lisbon's Rua de Bica de Quarte Belo in the Portuguese capital's old Bica district. Packed with commuters, the carriage grinds its way uphill from river to an upper level. The Bica Funicular is a funicular railway that forms the connection between the Calçada do Combro/Rua do Loreto and the Rua de S. Paulo and opened on 28 June, 1892. It climbs the Rua da Bica de Duarte Belo for 245 metres from the Rua S. Paulo.
    lisbon_tram-21-03-1994.jpg
  • A young girl of Asian descent pushes her doll in a pushchair uphill in an empty terraced Dingle Liverpool street. Walking up the steep pavement she pauses to look at the viewer in her pink dress. There is no-one else in the landscape and the little girl is quite alone in this inner-city scene. Dingle (known locally as the Dingle) is an inner-city area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is located to the south of the city, bordered by the adjoining districts of Toxteth and Aigburth. At the 2001 Census, the population was recorded at 13,246. Dingle is the last of the southern inner-city districts of Liverpool.
    gorbals_girl-08-08-1991_1.jpg
  • The Odeon of Herodes Atticus is a stone theatre structure located on the south slope of the Acropolis of Athens. It was built in 161 AD by Herodes Atticus in memory of his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla. It was originally a steep-sloped amphitheater with a three-story stone front wall and a wooden roof, and was used as a venue for music concerts with a capacity of 5,000. Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. It dominates the Attica periphery and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy.
    20110919odeon of herodes atticusB.jpg
  • The Odeon of Herodes Atticus is a stone theatre structure located on the south slope of the Acropolis of Athens. It was built in 161 AD by Herodes Atticus in memory of his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla. It was originally a steep-sloped amphitheater with a three-story stone front wall and a wooden roof, and was used as a venue for music concerts with a capacity of 5,000. Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. It dominates the Attica periphery and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy.
    20110919odeon of herodes atticusA.jpg
  • Silhouette of children playing, walking and running along the mountainside of Pen Y Fan in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom, chased by an adult.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-6086.jpg
  • Walkers descend from the summit of Pen Y Fan mountain in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5859.jpg
  • A line of wind turbines in the horizon on the top of Rhigos Hill Pass in the Cynon Valley, Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales, United Kingdom. There are 76 turbines creating a 228M Renewable Energy Wind Farm.  The view is from Pen Y Fan Mountain and looks over the Rhondda Valley on a  misty day.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5721.jpg
  • Views from a chair lift on the 5th April 2019 in Laax ski resort in Switzerland.
    TheBrits-9579.jpg
  • Kent people on Jacobs Ladder steps at Ramsgates harbour, on 8th January 2019, in Ramsgate, Kent, England. The Port of Ramsgate has been identified as a Brexit Port by the government of Prime Minister Theresa May, currently negotiating the UKs exit from the EU. Britains Department of Transport has awarded to an unproven shipping company, Seaborne Freight, to provide run roll-on roll-off ferry services to the road haulage industry between Ostend and the Kent port - in the event of more likely No Deal Brexit. In the EU referendum of 2016, people in Kent voted strongly in favour of leaving the European Union with 59% voting to leave and 41% to remain.
    ramsgate-174-08-01-2019.jpg
  • As a scooter rider on a Vespa edges past, a number 28 tram rumbles along a narrow street in the Portuguese capital, on 13th July 2016, in Lisbon, Portugal. The 28 is one of the trams not only used by the people of the capital but also of an increasing number of tourists who ride the entire route from Prazeres cemetery in the west of the city, to Rossio in the centre, after a loop through some of the most amazing streets and landmarks. So crowded is the 28, that older locals often cant sit down, having to stand over younger, inconsiderate tourist families who want a window seat for the entire journey - and back. Notices at termini remind visitors that this is a public service and to consider locals.
    portugal_lisbon-65-13-07-2016.jpg
  • Airbus A380 demonstrating flying skills at the Farnborough Air Show, England. The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by Airbus. It is the world's largest passenger airliner, and many airports have upgraded facilities to accommodate its size. Airbus is an aircraft manufacturing division of Airbus Group (formerly European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company). Based in Blagnac, France, a suburb of Toulouse, with production and manufacturing facilities mainly in France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, the company produced 626 airliners in 2013. At the 2014 show, Airbus announced new business worth more than $75m for 496 aircraft, a new record for the company.
    farnborough_air_show53-17-07-2014.jpg
  • A Khmu ethnic minority woman with a handful of rice seeds ready to plant in an upland field. In slash and burn cultivation, the man walks round the land with a big stick making small indentations in the soil. The woman follows behind throwing from quite a height and with incredible precision, a handful of rice into the hole.  When it next rains the soil will wash into the hole and cover the rice.
    A0017048cc_1.jpg
  • A White Hmong ethnic minority family take a break from collecting the harvested glutinous rice on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019767cc_1.jpg
  • A White Hmong ethnic minority woman taking a break from collecting the harvested glutinous rice on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019748cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', a swidden rice field almost ready for harvesting near the Ko Pala village of Honglerk, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0018990cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016845cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape in the Phunoi ethnic minority village of Sinesai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016641cc_1.jpg
  • A Phunoi ethnic minority subsistence farmer clears her land by slashing and burning to grow hill rice and coffee as a cash crop in Ban Sinesai; Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation. The practise is gradually being taken over by the planting of permanent cash crops such as coffee.
    A0016635cc_1.jpg
  • Clearing of the land for planting cash crops, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation. In this area the practise is gradually being taken over by the planting of permanent cash crops such as coffee and tea.
    A0016503cc_1.jpg
  • An Akha subsistence farmer scores opium poppies in an upland field in remote Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. After the petals fall from the opium poppy, the heads are incised with a 4 bladed tool; the tool is used to score the skin lightly from top to bottom. During the day, the sap oozes out of the cuts and hangs in tears on the poppy head. The next day the sap is then scraped into a metal container. As recently as 1998, Lao PDR was the third largest illicit opium poppy producer in the world.  From 1998 to 2005, opium poppy cultivation in Lao PDR was reduced by 93 per cent.  In more remote areas where cash crops are not viable, surveys from UNODC have shown that between 2008 and 2011 the area under opium poppy cultivation has doubled and continues to rise.
    A0016463cc_1.jpg
  • Using techniques developed over thousands of years, a portrait of traditional thatchers with straw for a barn roof in Suffolk, England. In England a ridge will normally last 10–15 years. Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes and heather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still the choice of affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home or who have purchased an originally thatched abode.
    thatching02-16-08-1993_1.jpg
  • Women gathered at a meeting held by community leaders. The Chepangs is an ethnic group which used to be nomadic. Only recently have the settled and their settlements are high up in the mountains. Only a few years ago they did not have any running water and had to bring up water from below but with the help pf Restless Development and their partner NGO Prayash Nepal they now have running clean water from springs diverted into resovoirs and the connected to taps inther settlement. This not only give them clean water to drink, it also improve hygiene dramatiaclly and improve health and it saves precious time for the women who now spend the 4 hours it used to take getting water growing healhty vegetables.
    IMG_1842_2.jpg
  • High up in the mountains in Dhading district live the Chepangs. Danda Chaudari community.<br />
The Chepangs is an ethnic group which used to be nomadic. Only recently have they settled and their settlements are high up in the mountains. Only a few years ago they did not have any running water and had to bring up water from below but with the help pf Restless Development and their partner NGO Prayash Nepal they now have running clean water from springs diverted into resovoirs and  connected to taps in their settlement. This not only give them clean water to drink, it also improve hygiene dramatiaclly and thereby improve health. It also saves precious time for the women who now spend the 4 hours it used to take getting water growing healhty vegetables.
    IMG_1728_1.jpg
  • The Bunyonyi Lake and Kabale region of Uganda taken from the treacherous Bunyonyi Road.
    02-07-uganda_7220.jpg
  • A line of wind turbines in the horizon on the top of Rhigos Hill Pass in the Cynon Valley, Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales, United Kingdom. There are 76 turbines creating a 228M Renewable Energy Wind Farm.  The view is from Pen Y Fan Mountain and looks over the Rhondda Valley on a  misty day.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-6121.jpg
  • A group of walkers traverse a dirt path descending from  Pen Y Fan in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-6067.jpg
  • Walkers explore the twinned peaks of Pen Y Fan and Corn Du in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom. The rugged path connects the two mountain peaks.  <br />
 Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-6036.jpg
  • Silhouette of people walking across the mountain ridge between the twined peaks of Pen Y Fan and Corn Du in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-6019.jpg
  • A group of adults and children walk along a dirt path descending from the summit of Pen Y Fan mountain in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5866.jpg
  • A child with a rucksack and walking stick stands admiring the landscape view from Pen Y Fan mountain range in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty and is run by the National Trust.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5848.jpg
  • Llyn Cwm Llwch lake from the summit of Pen Y Fan mountain in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom.  Llyn Cwm Llwch is the best preserved glacial lake in South Wales and sits right at the head of the Cwm Llwch valley – part of the Brecon Beacons Site of Special Scientific Interest SSSI and a Geological Conservation Review GCR site granted because of the special contribution they make to Britain’s geological history.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5664.jpg
  • Landscape view from the summit of Pen Y Fan towards Llyn Cwm Llwch glacial lake and across the Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom. Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5661.jpg
  • The mountain ridge between Pen Y Fan and Fan Fawr in Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Powys, United Kingdom. Pen Y Fan is the highest point in the Brecon Beacons hill and mountain range in South Wales. The National Park was established in 1957 due to the spectacular landscape which is rich in natural beauty.
    Wales-Brecon-Beacons-5657.jpg
  • Views from a chair lift on the 5th April 2019 in Laax ski resort in Switzerland.
    TheBrits-9579.jpg
  • Kent people on Jacobs Ladder steps at Ramsgates harbour, on 8th January 2019, in Ramsgate, Kent, England. The Port of Ramsgate has been identified as a Brexit Port by the government of Prime Minister Theresa May, currently negotiating the UKs exit from the EU. Britains Department of Transport has awarded to an unproven shipping company, Seaborne Freight, to provide run roll-on roll-off ferry services to the road haulage industry between Ostend and the Kent port - in the event of more likely No Deal Brexit. In the EU referendum of 2016, people in Kent voted strongly in favour of leaving the European Union with 59% voting to leave and 41% to remain.
    ramsgate-179-08-01-2019.jpg
  • Advocate’s Close on the 9th November 2018 in Edinburgh, Scotland in the United Kingdom.
    D_AdvocatesClose-HS2018-01566_1.jpg
  • Advocate’s Close on the 9th November 2018 in Edinburgh, Scotland in the United Kingdom.
    D_AdvocatesClose-HS2018-01553_1.jpg
  • Walkers near Malham Cove in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, on 12th April 2017, in Malham, Yorkshire, England.
    yorkshire-62-12-04-2017.jpg
  • Visitors climb and descend the 225 steps, 43 metre high Waterloo Lions battlefield Mound, on 25th March 2017, at Waterloo, Belgium. The Lions Mound Butte du Lion is a large conical artificial hill completed in 1826. It commemorates the location on the battlefield of Waterloo where a musket ball hit the shoulder of William II of the Netherlands the Prince of Orange and knocked him from his horse during the battle. From the summit, the hill offers a 360 degree vista of the battlefield. The Battle of Waterloo was fought 18 June 1815. A French army under Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, resulting in 41,000 casualties.
    waterloo_battlefield-26-25-03-2017.jpg
  • A young girl wearing a headskarf in the remote Akha Nuquie village of Ban Peryenxangmai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. Whilst there is a small primary school in Ban Peryenxangmai not all children are able to attend as their parents cannot afford the fees and need them to work at home or take care of younger siblings.
    A0029008cc_1.jpg
  • Crater edge of dormant Vesuvius volcano, near Naples, Italy. Vesuvius last erupted in 1944. Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second. From the chapter entitled 'Under the Volcano' and from the book 'Risk Wise: Nine Everyday Adventures' by Polly Morland (Allianz, The School of Life, Profile Books, 2015).
    vesuvius111-29-05-2014_1.jpg
  • Crater geology of dormant Vesuvius volcano, near Naples, Italy. Vesuvius last erupted in 1944. Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second. From the chapter entitled 'Under the Volcano' and from the book 'Risk Wise: Nine Everyday Adventures' by Polly Morland (Allianz, The School of Life, Profile Books, 2015).
    vesuvius89-29-05-2014_1.jpg
  • Crater geology of dormant Vesuvius volcano, near Naples, Italy. Vesuvius last erupted in 1944. Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second. From the chapter entitled 'Under the Volcano' and from the book 'Risk Wise: Nine Everyday Adventures' by Polly Morland (Allianz, The School of Life, Profile Books, 2015).
    vesuvius82-29-05-2014_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', swidden rice fields in Houaphan province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0026756cc_1.jpg
  • A Hmong woman harvesting 'khao kam' (brown sticky rice) in the village of Ban Chalern, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao PDR consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation. The remote and roadless village of Ban Chalern is situated along  Nam Ou river and will be relocated due to the construction of the Nam Ou Cascade Hydropower Project Dam 7.
    A0026229cc_1.jpg
  • Rice seeds planted in an upland rice field in the Khmu ethnic minority village of Ban Lad Kok, Luang Prabang province, Lao PDR. In slash and burn cultivation, the man walks around the land with a big stick making small indentations in the soil. The woman follows behind throwing from quite a height and with incredible precision, a handful of rice into the hole.  When it next rains the soil will wash into the hole and cover the rice.
    A0017080cc_1.jpg
  • Two Khmu ethnic minority women planting rice seeds in an upland field. In slash and burn cultivation, the man (usually) walks round the land with a big stick making small indentations in the soil. The woman follows behind throwing from quite a height and with incredible precision, a handful of rice into the hole.  When it next rains the soil will wash into the hole and cover the rice.
    A0017040cc_1.jpg
  • Two Khmu ethnic minority women planting rice seeds in an upland field. In slash and burn cultivation, the man (usually) walks round the land with a big stick making small indentations in the soil. The woman follows behind throwing from quite a height and with incredible precision, a handful of rice into the hole.  When it next rains the soil will wash into the hole and cover the rice.
    A0017037cc_1.jpg
  • Two Khmu ethnic minority women planting rice seeds in an upland field. In slash and burn cultivation, the man (usually) walks round the land with a big stick making small indentations in the soil. The woman follows behind throwing from quite a height and with incredible precision, a handful of rice into the hole.  When it next rains the soil will wash into the hole and cover the rice.
    A0017036cc_1.jpg
  • An upland rice field in the 'green season', Vientiane Province, Lao PDR. Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao PDR consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0011175cc_1.jpg
  • A recently harvested upland rice field, Ban Cha Wang, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019913cc_1.jpg
  • After drying on the upland field for several days, an Akha Cherpia ethnic minority woman threshes the rice sheaves with a wooden threshing tool to remove the grain before carrying back to the village in sacks.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019868cc_1.jpg
  • After drying on the upland field for several days, an Akha Cherpia family thresh the rice sheaves to remove the grain which will then be put into sacks and carried back to the village. Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019850cc_1.jpg
  • After threshing the rice in the upland field, an Akha Cherpia ethnic minority couple transfer the grain into sacks to carry down to the village. Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019834cc_1.jpg
  • Collecting and stacking the harvested glutinous rice in the White Hmong village of Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. The rice stems are cut and let dry for 3 to 5 days in the fields. If threshing has to wait for several days, until the end of the harvest, the sheaves are then put together in stacks, with the ears towards the inside, before threshing them in the field.
    A0019772cc_1.jpg
  • A White Hmong ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019728cc_1.jpg
  • A White Hmong ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019715cc_1.jpg
  • A pregnant White Hmong ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019687cc_1.jpg
  • A pregnant White Hmong ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019686cc_1.jpg
  • A White Hmong ethnic minority woman wearing her traditional clothing harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Hauywai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019665cc_1.jpg
  • A young Akha Pouli ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Pichermai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019611cc_1.jpg
  • A young Akha Pouli ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Pichermai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019596cc_1.jpg
  • A young Akha Pouli ethnic minority woman harvesting glutinous rice using a sickle, on an upland field, Ban Pichermai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Compared to more modern sedentary lowland farmers, shifting cultivators generally use much fewer purchased inputs.  The main inputs are family labour, hand tools and seeds. Purchased fertilisers are never used on sloping land.
    A0019587rtcc_1.jpg
  • The rice stems are cut and let dry for 3 to 5 days in the upland fields, Ban Pichermai, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. On the northern uplands of Laos alone, farmers are said to grow more than 500 different varieties of glutinous rice.  Such seed biodiversity testifies to the continued vibrancy of Laos’ traditional subsistence rice culture which relies more on indigenous seeds rather than on a few high-yielding hybrid varieties favoured by rice exporting countries like Thailand and Vietnam.
    A0019586cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', a swidden rice field almost ready for harvesting Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019081cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', a swidden rice field almost ready for harvesting Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019065cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', a swidden rice field almost ready for harvesting Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019041cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', a swidden rice field almost ready for harvesting Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019037cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', a swidden rice field almost ready for harvesting Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019034cc_1.jpg
  • 'The Green Season', Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Slash and burn cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0019012cc_1.jpg
  • A Khmu ethnic minority man lights a fire to burn the dry vegetation on his upland field, Ban Non Boun Kang, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016996cc_1.jpg
  • A Khmu ethnic minority man lights a fire to burn the dry vegetation on his field, Ban Non Boun Kang, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016985cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016843cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016834cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016833cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016827cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016705cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016703cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016702cc_1.jpg
  • Slash and burn landscape, Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao PDR consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation.
    A0016697cc_1.jpg
  • A Phunoi ethnic minority subsistence farmer accompanied by her young son clears her land by slashing and burning to grow hill rice and coffee as a cash crop in Ban Sinesai; Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  Swidden cultivation or ‘hai’ in Lao consists of cutting the natural vegetation, leaving it to dry and then burning it for temporary cropping of the land, the ash acting as a natural fertiliser. Shifting cultivation practices, although remarkably sustainable and adapted to their environment in the past, have come under increasing stress in recent decades and are now starting to be a major problem in Lao PDR, causing widespread deforestation and watershed degradation. The practise is gradually being taken over by the planting of permanent cash crops such as coffee.
    A0016610cc_1.jpg
  • An Akha subsistence farmer scores opium poppies in an upland field in remote Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. After the petals fall from the opium poppy, the heads are incised with a 4 bladed tool; the tool is used to score the skin lightly from top to bottom. During the day, the sap oozes out of the cuts and hangs in tears on the poppy head. The next day the sap is then scraped into a metal container. As recently as 1998, Lao PDR was the third largest illicit opium poppy producer in the world.  From 1998 to 2005, opium poppy cultivation in Lao PDR was reduced by 93 per cent.  In more remote areas where cash crops are not viable, surveys from UNODC have shown that between 2008 and 2011 the area under opium poppy cultivation has doubled and continues to rise.
    A0016484cc_1.jpg
  • An Akha subsistence farmer scores opium poppies in an upland field in remote Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. After the petals fall from the opium poppy, the heads are incised with a 4 bladed tool; the tool is used to score the skin lightly from top to bottom. During the day, the sap oozes out of the cuts and hangs in tears on the poppy head. The next day the sap is then scraped into a metal container. As recently as 1998, Lao PDR was the third largest illicit opium poppy producer in the world.  From 1998 to 2005, opium poppy cultivation in Lao PDR was reduced by 93 per cent.  In more remote areas where cash crops are not viable, surveys from UNODC have shown that between 2008 and 2011 the area under opium poppy cultivation has doubled and continues to rise.
    A0016460cc_1.jpg
  • An Akha subsistence farmer scores opium poppies in an upland field in remote Phongsaly province, Lao PDR.  After the petals fall from the opium poppy, the heads are incised with a 4 bladed tool; the tool is used to score the skin lightly from top to bottom. During the day, the sap oozes out of the cuts and hangs in tears on the poppy head. The next day the sap is then scraped into a metal container. As recently as 1998, Lao PDR was the third largest illicit opium poppy producer in the world.  From 1998 to 2005, opium poppy cultivation in Lao PDR was reduced by 93 per cent.  In more remote areas where cash crops are not viable, surveys from UNODC have shown that between 2008 and 2011 the area under opium poppy cultivation has doubled and continues to rise.
    A0016455cc_1.jpg
  • An Akha subsistence farmer scores opium poppies in an upland field in remote Phongsaly province, Lao PDR. After the petals fall from the opium poppy, the heads are incised with a 4 bladed tool; the tool is used to score the skin lightly from top to bottom. During the day, the sap oozes out of the cuts and hangs in tears on the poppy head. The next day the sap is then scraped into a metal container. As recently as 1998, Lao PDR was the third largest illicit opium poppy producer in the world.  From 1998 to 2005, opium poppy cultivation in Lao PDR was reduced by 93 per cent.  In more remote areas where cash crops are not viable, surveys from UNODC have shown that between 2008 and 2011 the area under opium poppy cultivation has doubled and continues to rise.
    A0016447cc_1.jpg
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